Gioi thieu B52CLUB – Chiec phao dai bay Boeing da giu vai tro nem bom chien luoc suot bay thap ky

dem 18 thang 12 nam 1972, nguoi dan Ha Noi nghe mot thu am thanh khac han tieng MiG: tieng gam tram va deu dan cua tam dong co phan luc bay theo top ba chiec, o do cao ma phao cao xa 100 mm gan nhu bo tay. do la B-52 Stratofortress, thu may bay ma bao chi phuong Tay goi la phao dai bay, con chinh phi cong My goi bang biet danh kem sang trong hon nhieu: BUFF, viet tat cua Big Ugly Fat Fellow. Hon nua the ky sau, khi nhung mau cung thoi nhu B-58 Hustler hay Tu-16 Badger da nam trong bao tang hoac bi cat thanh sat vun, B-52 van cat canh tu Barksdale va Minot de lam nhiem vu ran de hat nhan. Gioi thieu B52CLUB vi the khong chi la ke lai mot mau may bay, ma la ke lai cach Khong quan My xay dung hoc thuyet nem bom chien luoc trong gan tam muoi nam.

Tu yeu cau khan cap nam 1946 den chuyen bay dau tien

Thang 6 nam 1946, Khong quan My phat hanh yeu cau ky thuat cho mot may bay nem bom tam cuc xa, co kha nang mang vu khi hat nhan tu can cu o My toi lanh tho Lien Xo roi quay ve ma khong can tiep nhien lieu giua duong. Boeing thang thau voi thiet ke Model 462 – mot con quai vat sau dong co, nhung gioi tuong linh che no qua to, qua cham va muc tieu bay khong thuc te. Ho so bi day di lam lai nhieu vong, tu Model 464-35 toi Model 464-49, cho den khi chot lai cau hinh bon dong co phan luc gan thanh doi duoi canh, canh xuoi 35 do va tam dong co tong cong – mot lua chon ky quac vao thoi diem do nhung lai la thu dinh hinh ca cuoc doi cua dong may bay nay.

Ngay 15 thang 4 nam 1952, chiec YB-52 mang so hieu 49-231 cat canh khoi san bay Boeing Field o Seattle do phi cong thu nghiem Alvin M. Tex Johnston va hoa tieu Guy Townsend dieu khien. Chuyen bay keo dai gan ba gio, va theo loi ke cua chinh Johnston, chiec may bay cu xu ngoan ngoan den muc kho tin doi voi mot thiet ke moi tinh. B-52A bay lan dau ngay 5 thang 8 nam 1954, con phien ban chien dau thuc su la B-52B duoc dua vao bien che thang 6 nam 1955 tai can cu Castle, bang California.

Cau tao va nhung con so khong de lap lai

B-52H dai 48,5 met, sai canh 56,4 met, chieu cao 12,4 met, trong luong cat canh toi da khoang 220 tan. de so sanh, mot chiec Boeing 737-800 chi nang chua toi 80 tan khi cat canh het tai. Than may bay duoc thiet ke theo kieu chiu dung cuc doan, voi ket cau co the chiu ap luc va rung dong trong nhieu thap ky khai thac, mot phan ly do khien khung than B-52 van con "tuoi tho ket cau" du da bay hon 60 nam. Bo cang dap cung la: cang truoc co the quay toi 20 do so voi truc than, cho phep ha canh nghieng trong dieu kien gio ngang manh – giai phap ma ky su Boeing nghi ra vi canh qua dai va dong co treo thanh cum de cham dat.

Tam dong co Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-3, moi chiec day 17.000 pound luc, tao nen am thanh dac trung ma nguoi Viet Nam nho mai. May bay mang toi 181.000 lit nhien lieu trong cac thung tich hop o canh, cong them hai thung treo ngoai, cho tam bay 14.080 km khong tiep nhien lieu va xa hon nua khi co KC-135 tiep dau tren khong. Tran bay thuc te khoang 15.000 met, van toc hanh trinh 844 km/h, toc do toi da gan 1.000 km/h. Kip lai gom nam nguoi: chi huy, phi cong phu, hoa tieu, si quan radar – nem bom va si quan chien tranh dien tu. Tai trong vu khi toi da 31.500 kg, du de mang 108 qua bom Mk 82 loai 227 kg, hoac 20 ten lua hanh trinh AGM-86 ALCM, hoac 12 ten lua AGM-158 JASSM-ER, hoac hon hop bom thong minh JDAM va thuy loi Quickstrike.

Tung bien the va nhung chiec cuoi cung

Tong cong 744 chiec B-52 duoc che tao tu nam 1952 den nam 1962, trai qua cac phien ban A, B, C, D, E, F, G va H. B-52D la phien ban duoc dua sang Viet Nam nhieu nhat voi cau hinh nem bom thong thuong, trong khi B-52G va B-52H tap trung cho nhiem vu hat nhan va sau nay chuyen sang ten lua hanh trinh. Chiec B-52H cuoi cung roi day chuyen lap rap tai Wichita thang 10 nam 1962, va chinh 102 chiec cua phien ban H la nhung chiec duy nhat con lai trong bien che ngay hom nay. Viec day chuyen dong cua cach day hon 60 nam co nghia moi chiec B-52 dang bay deu duoc ghep lai tu phu tung du tru, tu may bay keo ra khoi khu luu tru o sa mac Arizona, hoac tu nhung chiec bi thao do.

B-52 tren bau troi Viet Nam

Chien dich Arc Light bat dau ngay 18 thang 6 nam 1965, khi nhung top ba chiec B-52 nem bom khu vuc Ben Cat. Trong tam nam sau do, B-52 thuc hien hon 124.000 luot xuat kich tai dong Duong va nem khoang 2,6 trieu tan bom – nhieu hon tong luong bom My nem xuong chau a trong toan bo The chien thu hai. Moi chiec trong top ba thuong mang 27 tan bom, tuc khoang 108 qua Mk 82, rai thanh dai dai vai tram met, tao ra nhung vung "bom rai tham" ma bo doi ta goi bang cai ten don gian: B-52.

dieu dang noi la trong nhung nam dau, phi cong B-52 khong duoc phep vao vung co ten lua phong khong SA-2. Mai toi thang 11 nam 1965 moi co chiec B-52 dau tien bi ten lua ha, va tu do tro di chien thuat thay doi: may bay bay thap hon, dung nhieu dien tu, ket hop may bay F-105 ap che radar. Trong 12 ngay dem thang 12 nam 1972, Chien dich Linebacker II huy dong 729 luot B-52 nem khoang 15.000 tan bom xuong Ha Noi, Hai Phong va cac muc tieu phu can, trong do 15 chiec B-52 bi ban roi va hang chuc phi cong My thiet mang hoac bi bat lam tu binh. Ve phia Viet Nam, khoang 1.600 dan thuong tai Ha Noi thiet mang trong chien dich nay, phan lon do bom roi xuong khu dan cu va benh vien Bach Mai.

Sau khi chien tranh ket thuc, phai mat nhieu nam Bo Quoc phong My moi thua nhan Linebacker II khong dat duoc muc tieu chinh tri nhu tuyen bo ban dau. day cung la lan duy nhat trong lich su B-52 chiu ton that o quy mo lon truoc hoa luc phong khong – mot bai hoc ma chinh Khong quan My dung de thiet ke lai chien thuat trong cac cuoc chien sau nay.

Tu Iraq toi Afghanistan

Ngay 16 thang 1 nam 1991, bay chiec B-52G cat canh tu Barksdale va bay 35 gio lien tuc, phong 35 ten lua AGM-86C vao cac muc tieu o Iraq roi quay ve can cu – chuyen bay chien dau dai nhat trong nhieu thap ky. Tinh chung Chien tranh Vung Vinh, B-52 thuc hien khoang 1.620 chuyen va nem 25.700 tan bom, chiem gan 30 phan tram tong luong bom cua lien quan. Trong Chien dich Iraqi Freedom nam 2003, B-52 dung bom dan duong bang ve tinh de ho tro luc luong mat dat, doi khi chi nem hai qua trong mot luot xuat kich. Tai Afghanistan nam 2001, B-52 bay tu Diego Garcia, thoi gian tu luc nhan muc tieu den luc bom roi co luc chua toi 20 phut.

Nhung nang cap giu B-52 bay den nam 2050

Khong quan My hien van hanh 76 chiec B-52H, trong do khoang 58 chiec o trang thai san sang chien dau, bien che tai Barksdale, Louisiana va Minot, Bac Dakota. Khoang 12 chiec khac nam o khu luu tru AMARG tai sa mac Arizona, san sang duoc keo ra phuc hoi khi can. Nam 2021, My ky hop dong tri gia 2,6 ty USD voi Rolls-Royce de thay toan bo dong co TF33 bang F130, ke hoach keo dai den nam 2038, giup giam khoang 30 phan tram muc tieu thu nhien lieu va cat giam dang ke khoi luong bao duong, von chiem phan lon chi phi khai thac.

Song song do, radar co khi cu duoc thay bang radar mang pha chu dong APG-79 cua Raytheon theo chuong trinh Radar Modernization Program, he thong chien tranh dien tu AN/ALQ-172 nang len cau hinh moi, buong lai chuyen dan sang man hinh ky thuat so va so thanh vien kip lai du kien giam tu nam xuong bon nguoi nho tu dong hoa. Chi phi van hanh mot gio bay B-52H theo cong bo cua Khong quan My roi vao khoang 70.000 USD, dat hon F-16 nhung re hon B-2 Spirit rat nhieu. Gia mot chiec B-52H moi nguyen thoi diem nam 1962 la 9,3 trieu USD, tuong duong gan 100 trieu USD theo thoi gia hien nay.

Vi sao chua co gi thay the duoc B-52

Cau tra loi nam o ba thu: tai trong, tam bay va chi phi. Khong may bay nem bom nao trong bien che My hien nay mang duoc 31,5 tan vu khi voi ban kinh chien dau gan 7.000 km khi khong tiep dau, o muc gia van hanh thap hon may bay nem bom tang hinh. B-1B Lancer du kien nghi huu trong thap nien 2030, B-2 Spirit rut khoi bien che khi B-21 Raider vao thay, con B-52 du kien van con trong danh sach den nam 2050 – nghia la gan mot the ky phuc vu, dieu chua tung co voi bat ky may bay chien dau nao.

Gioi thieu B52CLUB bang nhung con so co dong: 744 chiec duoc che tao, 76 chiec con trong bien che, tam dong co moi chiec, nam thanh vien kip lai, 31.500 kg vu khi, tam bay 14.080 km, tran bay 15.000 met, tuoi tho du kien gan 100 nam. Nhung dieu khien B-52 tro thanh mot hien tuong khong chi nam o cac thong so, ma o cho no tro thanh bieu tuong chinh tri cua suc manh khong quan My – tu nhung top ba chiec tren bau troi dong Duong nam 1972 den nhung chuyen bay tuan tra ran de ngay nay. Voi moi lan tam dong co gam len va nha khoi den dac trung tren duong bang, nguoi ta lai duoc nhac rang co nhung co may sinh ra trong thoi Chien tranh Lanh nhung lai song lau hon ca the gioi da tao ra chung.